Editorial: The role of galectins in the immune microenvironment in human cancers and potential therapeutic approaches

Galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins, have emerged as key modulators, influencing the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion mechanisms. Despite not being classified as primary oncogenic drivers, recent research highlights their significant role in cancer progression, particularly through changing of the tumour and immune system interactions.

Galectins facilitate tumour immune escape by reducing immune cell infiltration into the tumour core, primarily by remodelling the tumour stroma and extracellular matrix (ECM). This results in immune-excluded tumours where lymphocytes recognise antigens but fail to penetrate the tumour nodules. The inhibition of galectins has shown promise in pre-clinical models, particularly when combined with other therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, and anti-tumour vaccines.

This editorial synthesises insights from eight recent publications exploring galectins’ diverse roles in cancer biology. From their involvement in immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments in prostate and pancreatic cancers to their modulation of immune responses in rare cancers, these studies underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting galectins. Novel inhibitors like LLS30 and GB1211 demonstrate promising efficacy in enhancing anti-tumour immunity and improving the effectiveness of existing cancer therapies.