Occlusion of the Small Intestine Associated with Acute Radiation Enteritis: Case Report

Background: Radiotherapy for abdominal and pelvic cancers can lead to delayed small intestine damage (radiation enteritis), even years after treatment. This case report highlights the diagnostic challenges and management complexities associated with such late-onset complications.

Case Description: A 57-year-old woman presented 5 months after pelvic radiotherapy with acute intestinal obstruction symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, distension). Imaging revealed a small bowel stricture at the prior hysterectomy site. Despite conservative management, surgical exploration confirmed radiation enteritis and a partial bowel obstruction requiring resection. The patient recovered well and was discharged after 5 days.

Discussion: This case exemplifies the challenges of diagnosing radiation enteritis, often relying on clinical context and imaging. Management is further complicated by potential cancer progression, malnutrition, and progressive damage. While treatment focuses on symptom control, nutrition, and surgery for specific complications, preventive measures are crucial to improve patient outcomes.

Conclusions: As radiotherapy use increases, the prevalence of radiation enteritis is likely to rise. This case emphasizes the need for continued research on optimal prevention strategies and comprehensive management approaches to enhance patients' quality of life.