A Short Review on Cardiac Patch

Cardiomyocytes (CMs) are terminally differentiated cells that lack the potential to regenerate, thus limiting their ability to restore cardiac function after cardiovascular diseases. To repair or restore the myocardium, cells from many different sources have been investigated to replace the lost cardiomyocyte in the native heart and to activate cardioprotective events via paracrine signaling following their implantation. Current therapies for MI, such as bypass grafts, balloon angioplasty, stents, and drug therapies, focus only on palliative care and fail to address the underlying problem of cardiomyocyte loss and replacement in early cardiomyopathy. In this regard, the only definitive treatment is a heart transplant, which in turn is limited by the inadequate supply of matching hearts for the ever-increasing number of patients in need. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective therapy to repair the damaged myocardium and prevent end-stage heart failure. Applying cardiac patch, exhibiting obvious superiority in recovering the function of damaged hearts. A variety of cardiac patches with advanced physical, chemical, and biological properties have been manufactured by cardiac tissue regenerative engineering, like decellularize extracellular matrix, electrospinning,3D bio printing, hydrogels, or by stacking cell sheets.